focused linguistics:

Subfields of structure focused linguistics:

• Phonetics, the study of the physical properties of speech (or signed) production and perception

• Phonology, the study of sounds (or signs) as discrete, abstract elements in the speaker's mind that distinguish meaning

• Morphology, the study of internal structures of words and how they can be modified

• Syntax, the study of how words combine to form grammatical sentences

• Semantics, the study of the meaning of words (lexical semantics) and fixed word combinations (phraseology), and how these combine to form the meanings of sentences

• Pragmatics, the study of how utterances are used in communicative acts, and the role played by context and nonlinguistic knowledge in the transmission of meaning

• Discourse analysis, the analysis of language use in texts (spoken, written, or signed)

about Pronun

The process of talking involves several body system specifically the central regulator of talk in the brain, involving the respiratory system, the structure of articulation, resonance of the mouth and nasal cavity. To refine the process of this conversation. The first thing happens is encoding under our head the process of talking involves two main stages of mental activity they are:

Ø Forming ideas to be expressed and choose words that will be used

Ø Regulate motor vocalization and the real work of the vocalization itself. Formation of ideas and even choice of words is a function of the sensory association areas of the brain. Next,

consonants

24 Consonants yang masih diklasifikasikan lagi ke dalam Vl and Vd

/p/ ,/b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/, /ʧ/, /ʤ/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /f/, /v/, /ϴ/,/ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʒ/, /h/,/w/, /l/, /ɹ/, /j/, /ʃ/.

Voicing

• Voiceless ( unsound voice ) is if the vocal cords are open, the air passes through without obstraction and the sounds that are made in this way

• Voised ( sound voice ) is if the vocal cords are closed, then the air passing through the glottis cause them vibrate producing sound.